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SIY10.TXT
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SIY10.TXT Error and Blunder 54
Chapter 10
Error and Blunder
In this chapter you will learn about your mistakes.
You will need:
a) To think.
Mistakes have been made before. If you haven't made any mistakes
while learning to survey, then it can only be because you are not
learning. You were smart to skim the entire book first. Just
wait until you have actually tried some of this!
The way to keep from making a fool of yourself is to keep track
of your mistakes. It does you much less than no good to have the
answer, but then not know how good that answer is. No fool like
a confident fool.
Error is part of all numerical measurement. In most surveying
situations, you can never know what the correct answer is. The
best which you can do is to come close. And to know about how
close.
Mistakes come in two kinds. The kind with which you are most
familiar, the BIG ones, are blunders. Blunders are big enuf so
that they are obvious once you have found them. They occur only
occasionally. You hope. Blunders can be eliminated. Once
caught, the blunder is corrected.
Error is the sum of all the little mistakes. The ones which are
so small that you can't even see the little buggers, let alone
catch 'em. The best you can do is to keep your errors small. In
terms which even a Neanderthal could understand, error is like
being eaten by worms. Blunder is like being eaten by a cave
bear.
SIY10.TXT Error and Blunder 55
The compass is the most important source of error when surveying
with this method. The one best thing which you can do to improve
the quality of your surveying is to take backsights. This is
little extra trouble, especially if you have an assistant with an
extra compass. I usually accept a one degree difference between
the compass and the backcompass. Anything more is blunder, and
the compasses are read again. If you don't take backsights, at
least take two compass readings. The worst problem with the
Silva Ranger is that you can sight it while tilted and not know
it. This binds the needle and causes blunder.
Always check that you have not made the blunder of binding the
compass needle. Eliminate the blunder by holding the compass
level. When the blunder is gone, it's gone.
Another cause of compass error is to have the needle perturbed by
nearby iron or steel. A backsight usually catches this blunder.
Compared with compass error, the error contributed by the tape
and clinometer are minor. Table 4 shows the calculated
theoretical errors for several combinations of instrument errors.
SIY10.TXT Error and Blunder 56
Table 4
A Table of Errors
COMPASS TAPE INCLINOMETER TOTAL COMMENTS
error error error error
degrees % degrees %
1 0.1 2 1.75 standard quality
0.5 0.1 2 0.88 excellent compass
2 0.1 2 3.49 poor compass
1 0.1 2 1.75 standard quality
1 0.2 2 1.76 tape to 2 tenths
1 1 2 2.01 tape to one foot
1 5 2 5.30 tape to five feet
1 0.1 2 1.75 standard quality
1 0.1 4 1.76 poor clinometer
1 0.1 10 2.32 guess clinometer
1 0.1 2 1.75 standard quality
1 5 5 6.11 compass & pace
2 10 10 10.7 compass & guess
5 10 10 13.4 quick compass & guess
1 0.1 2 1.75 standard quality
0 0.1 2 0.12 tape & incl error only
1 0 2 1.75 compass & incl error only
1 0.1 0 1.75 compass & tape error only
SIY10.TXT Error and Blunder 57
For those of you who prefer English to numbers,
BE CAREFUL WITH THE COMPASS!
You can measure the distance to only the nearest foot, guess at
the inclination, and still nearly all of the error comes from the
compass.
How many more ways can I say it? Take a good compass reading,
then repeat your compass reading. Then take a backsight. Or
two.
These theoretical errors can be considered to be the expected
closure error. In practice, you should reject any survey with a
percent closure error of more than the theoretical error for your
instruments. You have blundered. Go do it again. If you don't
survey in loops so that you can check the closure, you won't
catch those blunders.
If you are in a situation where you can't do it again, consult.
There are some mathematical tricks which might save a bad job.
Usually the easiest way is to just resurvey it.
The error in the location of a station is the percent theoretical
error times the distance from where you knew you were right. The
error in the acreage of a parcel is approximately 1.5 times the
percent theoretical error, times the acreage.
The second commonest source of gross blunder, after faulty
instrument technique, is faulty recording technique. I always
have my recorder repeat each number after recording. I make an
office copy of the notes while they are still fresh in my mind.
Be sure that you know which station goes with what numbers. This
is especially important if you took multiple compass readings or
are branching. The recorder should also be sure that all data
are recorded before allowing the instrument operator to move on
to the next station.
The third commonest gross blunder is reading the wrong end of the
compass. This is all too easy to do, even with the Silva
Ranger. Keeping track of what you are doing with a sketch map
helps.
The fourth gross blunder is lost survey notes. I offer no easy
solution.
SIY10.TXT Error and Blunder 58
By taking backsights and rejecting loops with bad closure, it is
possible to achieve an error of about 0.5% using the Silva Ranger
compass. If you need more than 99.5% accuracy, you need better
instruments. You probably should hire a professional surveyor
for the job. Do the preliminary survey yourself so that the
surveyor doesn't waste any of his expensive time. It will also
keep him honest.
If you have determined an error in surveying a line, you may
distribute the error according any of a number of schemes. All
of them require more arithmetic than I would do by hand.
Copyright (c)1994 by David Perry Beiter
If you have any questions, problems, or comments, write or call
me. Dave Beiter, CAVE Inc, 1/2 Fast Road, Ritner KY 42639.
606/376-3137.
MCI Mail: 635-1762
byter@mcimail.com
X.400: c=US;a=MCI;s=BEITER;d=id=6351762
CIS: >MCIMAIL 635-1762 (be sure to include your name in the text)